Nhân cách và tâm thức - Nhân cách và tâm thức

Lửa nào bằng lửa tham! Chấp nào bằng sân hận! Lưới nào bằng lưới si! Sông nào bằng sông ái!Kinh Pháp cú (Kệ số 251)

Mỗi cơn giận luôn có một nguyên nhân, nhưng rất hiếm khi đó là nguyên nhân chính đáng. (Anger is never without a reason, but seldom with a good one.)Benjamin Franklin

Chấm dứt sự giết hại chúng sinh chính là chấm dứt chuỗi khổ đau trong tương lai cho chính mình.Tủ sách Rộng Mở Tâm Hồn

Cho dù không ai có thể quay lại quá khứ để khởi sự khác hơn, nhưng bất cứ ai cũng có thể bắt đầu từ hôm nay để tạo ra một kết cuộc hoàn toàn mới. (Though no one can go back and make a brand new start, anyone can start from now and make a brand new ending. )Carl Bard

Việc đánh giá một con người qua những câu hỏi của người ấy dễ dàng hơn là qua những câu trả lời người ấy đưa ra. (It is easier to judge the mind of a man by his questions rather than his answers.)Pierre-Marc-Gaston de Lévis

Điều bất hạnh nhất đối với một con người không phải là khi không có trong tay tiền bạc, của cải, mà chính là khi cảm thấy mình không có ai để yêu thương.Tủ sách Rộng Mở Tâm Hồn

Bạn sẽ không bao giờ hạnh phúc nếu cứ mãi đi tìm những yếu tố cấu thành hạnh phúc. (You will never be happy if you continue to search for what happiness consists of. )Albert Camus

Cuộc sống là một sự liên kết nhiệm mầu mà chúng ta không bao giờ có thể tìm được hạnh phúc thật sự khi chưa nhận ra mối liên kết ấy.Tủ sách Rộng Mở Tâm Hồn

Tài năng là do bẩm sinh, hãy khiêm tốn. Danh vọng là do xã hội ban cho, hãy biết ơn. Kiêu căng là do ta tự tạo, hãy cẩn thận. (Talent is God-given. Be humble. Fame is man-given. Be grateful. Conceit is self-given. Be careful.)John Wooden

Người vấp ngã mà không cố đứng lên thì chỉ có thể chờ đợi một kết quả duy nhất là bị giẫm đạp.Sưu tầm

VỀ MỤC LỤC

Nhân cách là vấn đề cơ bản của "tâm lý học"; khoa tâm lý cho rằng nhân cách được hình thành bởi 3 yếu tố: -xã hội, sinh học và tâm lý. Con người là một động vật tự hữu về hoạt động, một phần chịu ảnh hưởng bởi giáo dục, bởi cộng đồng xã hội và cuộc sống chung quanh. Ngoài vấn đề nhận thức tiếp thu từ ngoại cảnh, ý thức tự thân còn chịu ảnh hưởng không nhỏ về tập khí mà nhà Phật gọi là hạt giống tiềm ẩn trong tâm thức. Điều này tạo nên sắc thái cá biệt từ ý thức đến nhân cách. Nhân cách có thể thay đổi tùy hoàn cảnh, tuổi tác và sự cố.

Nhân cách: "Là tổ hợp những đặc điểm, những thuộc tính tâm lý của cá nhân, biểu hiện bản sắc và giá trị xã hội của con người". Hiểu như thế chỉ xét về mặt hiện tượng. Nếu hiểu nhân cách phát xuất từ bản chất, một phần chịu ảnh hưởng từ bản chất, thì nó không chỉ thuộc "tâm lý cá nhân, biểu hiện bản sắc và giá trị xã hội của con người" mà còn là ảnh hưởng đến nguyên tố tập khí được huân tập nhiều đời. Ví dụ, trẻ con sinh ra, chưa ảnh hưởng "bản sắc và giá trị xã hội", nó có thể biểu hiện giận dữ, la hét, triếu mến, ghét bỏ khi có nhu câu đói khát, ẳm bồng...Bản chất hung tợn hay dịu dàng đó cũng đã thể hiện bản tính của đứa trẻ vừa chào đời; bản chất là một phần nói lên tổng thể tạo thành nhân cách
Nhân cách: là một tổng thể liên kết bởi giữa khả năng và đức hạnh, ý thức và phẩm chất. Một khi ý thức và đức hạnh vượt trội thì nhân cách có khuynh hướng hoàn chỉnh. Do đó, giáo dục là môi trường tác động đến ý thức và phẩm chất đưa đến hoàn thiện.

Ngoài môi trường giao

tiếp, môi trường giáo dục, ý thức nhân phẩm, đôi khi nhân cách được thay đổi bởi những tai nạn, bệnh lý, giải phẩu hay các tác nhân ảnh hưởng đến não bộ. Thường xuyên ảnh hưởng phim ảnh bạo lực hoặc tình cảm, nhân cách cũng có khuynh huớng chịu ảnh hưởng phần nào về môi trường đó.Yếu tố gen di truyền ảnh hưởng mạnh khi tuổi chưa đủ phát triển, và ảnh hưởng một phần về nhân cách khi đã hội nhập tạp tính với môi trường sống.
Một sinh thể được huân tập hạt giống mạnh về đạo đức, gặp môi trường tín ngưỡng, tâm linh sẽ dễ hội nhập và kich thích đức tin; cũng thế, tập khí bất thiện mạnh thì dễ tăng trưởng tội ác khi gặp môi trường bất thiện. Khi hạt giống bất thiện gặp môi trường thiện lành, hạt giống bất thiện không có điều kiện sanh sôi nẩy nở thì môi trường thiện lành cũng hạn chế được phần nào sự tăng trưởng của hạt giống bất thiện.Do vậy, hình thành nhân cách được thể hiện trong môi trường nhất định.
Môi trường sinh hoạt góp phần đáng kể để điều chỉnh nhân cách, các tổ chức hội đoàn, tôn giáo, nghiệp vụ...thường xuyên tập họp nhân sự để truyền đạt kiến thức tạo thành một nhân cách theo khuynh hướng riêng.Một cán bộ chính trị luôn thể hiện một nhân cách bản lãnh và linh hoạt tùy hoàn cảnh, tùy đối tượng. Lãnh tụ chính trụ có một phong cách lôi cuốn quần chúng.Một lãnh đạo tôn giáo luôn truyền đạt giáo lý, giáo điều để tăng trưởng đức tin về một đấng tối cao. Ngoại trừ Phật giáo, giúp cho tín đồ trở nên hoàn thiện chính bản thân, có một nhân cách nghiêm túc, thánh thiện, từ bi đủ tạo niềm tin cho tha nhân trong cuộc sống thực tại. Là một hành giả, Phật giáo giúp một con đường hóa giải nghiệp thức, thánh hóa tự thân, vượt

thoát mọi cám dỗ ràng buộc của đời thường, làm chủ chính mình mà không lệ thuộc vào tha lực siêu thực.
3.Tâm thức: "Trí tuệ, tâm trí và tiềm thức là ba chiều của không gian tâm thức". Sự vận hành của tâm thức tức là sự vận hành cùng lúc của trí tuệ, tiềm thức và tâm trí. Trong tiềm thức có cả bản năng và trực giác trong trạng thái vô thức. Bản năng là chủng tử tự nhiên được tích lũy sâu kín trong tiềm thức. Tâm thức được phát triển, theo phạm trù tâm linh là trí tuệ phát triển cùng lúc vắng bóng kiến thức và khai mở tiềm thức.
Các nhà khoa học, Ông Francis Grick giai đoạn đầu ông ta quan niệm tâm thức nằm ở những neurones, lớp sâu thứ năm của vỏ não, nhưng sau đó, ông đồng quan điểm của Phật giáo cùng những đồng nghiệp là khi ngũ căn tiếp xúc ngũ trần, có tác động của ý thức thì tâm thức bắt đầu hoạt động.Theo khoa học, tâm thức nằm tại trung khu thần kinh, như hạt đậu nằm góc vuông từ đỉnh đầu thằng xuống tiếp giáp với điểm hai chân mày chạy thẳng vào não. Nhưng khi giải phẩu thì đó chỉ là trung tâm hoạt động của não bộ mà không tìm thấy hình dạng nào của "tâm thức". Đồng thời tâm thức vẫn luân lưu để duy trì sự tồn tại tự thể khi căn và trần không giao tiếp nhau, nghĩa là tâm thức vẫn không hề gián đoạn, nó tự khởi hiện những chủng tử từng được huân tập. Ví dụ nhớ lại quá khứ, hình ảnh cố nhân tái hiện trong tâm tưởng. Mặc dù "hằng chuyển như bộc lưu" nhưng tâm thức vẫn kinh qua bốn trạng thái: cảm thọ - tri giác - hành động và nhận thức. Bốn trạng thái của tâm thức là hạt giống chuyển vào A lại da thức. Hoạt động độc lập của tri thức là tư

duy, tư duy có hai khía cạnh tà niệm và chánh niệm. Tà niệm mang tính tiêu cực (tà nghiệp) và chánh niệm mang tính tích cực (chánh nghiệp). Để thanh lọc và định hướng tư duy, toàn bộ giáo lý nhà Phật đều là những phương cách điều hướng con người gieo chủng tử chánh nghiệp. Pháp cú, phẩm "không phóng dật" Phật dạy:
Chớ sống đời phóng dật - chớ mê say dục lạc - không phóng dật, Thiền định - Đạt được an lạc lớn.
Bởi theo Duy thức: - Do nhất thiết chủng thức - như thị như thị biến - dĩ triển chuyển lực cố - bỉ bỉ phân biệt sanh. Do tâm thức luân biến nên một bậc Alahan phải: Thị vô phú vô ký - Xúc đẳng diệc như thị - Hằng chuyển như bộc lưu - A La Hán vị xả.
Thánh nhân từng bảo: tư tưởng thể hiện ra bản chất và hành động, tư tưởng thế nào thì con người như thế ấy. Do vậy, một tội phạm luôn nung nấu những ý tưởng tà tâm. Một hành giả hướng đến con đường giải thoát, luôn duy trì miên mật một chánh niệm qua pháp hành. Người bình thường, không là tội phạm, cũng không là hành giả thánh thiện, tư tưởng luôn chuyển biến như dòng thác chảy lẫn lộn thiện ác, xấu tốt, đó là lý do trầm luân miên viễn.
Một phật tử đã chấp nhận mình là con Phật, đi theo đạo lộ Phật dẫn dắt thoát khỏi sanh tử luân hồi, chánh niệm và pháp hành luôn là hành trang chuẩn bị ngay kiếp hiện tại để khi xả báo thân sẽ là con đường sáng của tuệ giác thoát khỏi trầm luân.
Nhân cách và tâm thức, tuy hai nhưng là một. Tâm lý học, phân tâm học, xoay quanh hiện tượng tâm lý để tìm mấu chốt cho định giá nhân cách, nhưng vẫn lúng túng khi giòng chảy tâm thức như thác đổ. Duy thức đã chỉ

cho thấy:Do giả thuyết ngã pháp - hữu chủng chủng tướng chuyển - Bỉ y thức sở biến - thử năng biến duy tam.
Mấu chốt mọi hiện tượng chấp ngã chấp pháp mà mọi sự phát sanh, giải quyết mắt xích cơ bản của tâm thức thì bản chất nhân cách sẽ hiển lộ.

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Sách có 1528 chương, Mục lục chia thành 102 trang: »» 1 »» »» 2 »» »» 3 »» »» 4 »» »» 5 »» »» 6 »» »» 7 »» »» 8 »» »» 9 »» »» 10 »» »» 11 »» »» 12 »» »» 13 »» »» 14 »» »» 15 »» »» 16 »» »» 17 »» »» 18 »» »» 19 »» »» 20 »» »» 21 »» »» 22 »» »» 23 »» »» 24 »» »» 25 »» »» 26 »» »» 27 »» »» 28 »» »» 29 »» »» 30 »» »» 31 »» »» 32 »» »» 33 »» »» 34 »» »» 35 »» »» 36 »» »» 37 »» »» 38 »» »» 39 »» »» 40 »» »» 41 »» »» 42 »» »» 43 »» »» 44 »» »» 45 »» »» 46 »» »» 47 »» »» 48 »» »» 49 »» »» 50 »» »» 51 »» »» 52 »» »» 53 »» »» 54 »» »» 55 »» »» 56 »» »» 57 »» »» 58 »» »» 59 »» »» 60 »» »» 61 »» »» 62 »» »» 63 »» »» 64 »» »» 65 »» »» 66 »» »» 67 »» »» 68 »» »» 69 »» »» 70 »» »» 71 »» »» 72 »» »» 73 »» »» 74 »» »» 75 »» »» 76 »» »» 77 »» »» 78 »» »» 79 »» »» 80 »» »» 81 »» »» 82 »» »» 83 »» »» 84 »» »» 85 »» »» 86 »» »» 87 »» »» 88 »» »» 89 »» »» 90 »» »» 91 »» »» 92 »» »» 93 »» »» 94 »» »» 95 »» »» 96 »» »» 97 »» »» 98 »» »» 99 »» »» 100 »» »» 101 »» »» 102 »»

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