Thương tiếc là niềm thương nhớ, nuối tiếc trong lòng; thương khóc là sự bày tỏ công khai niềm thương tiếc đó. Sự bày tỏ công khai niềm thương tiếc đối với người chết là điều cần thiết cho những người còn sống. Khi thực hành được điều ấy một cách tự nhiên nhất theo mỗi người, như khóc lóc, than thở, nói những lời bày tỏ tình thương yêu người qua đời... thì những áp lực bên trong sẽ giảm đi nhiều. Ngoài ra, nghi lễ tôn giáo của người còn sống giúp họ hiểu biết được lẽ sống chết, xoa dịu những đớn đau qua niềm tin và hy vọng thân nhân của mình sẽ về chốn Niết-bàn, chốn Tịnh độ hay chốn thiên đàng sau khi chấm dứt đời sống trên thế gian này.

Tùy theo mối liên hệ thân thuộc mà sự thương tiếc có thể kéo dài từ vài tháng cho đến vài năm. Trung bình, lòng thương tiếc kéo dài trong sáu tháng đầu với tất cả sức mạnh của nó rồi lắng dịu dần. Sau sáu tháng, những sự buồn rầu, giận dữ hay mặc cảm tội lỗi do cái chết của thân nhân tạo ra sẽ lắng xuống dần. Kể từ đó, họ vượt qua được giai đoạn nguy hiểm của cơn khủng hoảng tinh thần.

Theo các nhà nghiên cứu Bowlby và Parke thì có 3 giai đoạn thương tiếc mà chúng ta có thể quan sát thấy nơi hầu hết mọi người, không phân biệt nam nữ, chủng tộc, người lớn hay trẻ nhỏ, kể cả các em bé chỉ vừa được 6 tháng tuổi. Ba giai đoạn này gồm có:

1. Giai đoạn thứ nhất, trong tháng đầu tiên, sự khổ đau là vô cùng. Nhiều người phụ nữ biểu lộ bằng sự than khóc, sầu não, hoảng hốt, buồn đau hay giận dữ. Người đàn ông có thể ít biểu lộ hơn nhưng không phải vì thế mà không có sự đau đớn bên trong. Lòng họ bị tê

liệt trong sự khổ đau đó. Trong giai đoạn này người ta thường không tin, không chấp nhận là cái chết đã xảy ra cho người thân của mình.

2. Giai đoạn thứ nhì, lòng người sống luôn nhớ đến kẻ qua đời, nhớ đến những kỷ niệm bên nhau, và thường phản ứng thuận theo lòng mong ước là kẻ qua đời vẫn còn quanh quẩn đâu đây, mà cực độ là có thể “nhìn thấy” người đã chết. Giai đoạn này gồm hai yếu tố độc lập với nhau là thương nhớ người qua đời và chống đối sự việc xảy ra. Cực điểm của trạng thái này là vào khoảng tuần lễ thứ hai đến tuần lễ thứ tư của tháng thứ hai.

3. Giai đoạn thứ ba, cảm thấy chán chường, không định hướng và không thiết tha nhiều với tương lai. Giai đoạn này xảy ra khoảng một năm sau khi thân nhân qua đời.

Những nhà tâm lý, dù thuộc trường phái nào, cũng nhấn mạnh đến sự cần thiết của việc bày tỏ lòng thương tiếc, đừng đè nén, đừng để chậm lại một thời gian sau, vì càng để lâu thì càng có những biến chứng khó khăn. Như thế, không nên biến tang lễ thành một lễ nghi trang nghiêm công cộng mà nên cử hành như một nghi lễ thương tiếc chân thật của những người trong gia đình. Một nghi lễ có thể rất đẹp, trang trọng nhưng không giúp ích gì cho thân nhân người qua đời. Một nghi lễ khác tuy nhỏ bé “bình dân”, thân mật, không nặng về hình thức vì để cho người thân bày tỏ dễ dàng cảm xúc của họ. Nghi lễ thứ nhì có hiệu quả tốt hơn nghi lễ thứ nhất rất nhiều lần, dù nghi lễ thứ nhất diễn ra rất đẹp, rất trật tự và hoàn toàn đúng theo sự dự trù.

Ở Hoa Kỳ, sự khóc lóc thường bị gán cho là yếu đuối nên người ta phải

đè nén, không biểu lộ ra ngoài. Về phương diện tâm lý, đó là một sự sai lầm nguy hại, nhất là khi thân nhân chúng ta qua đời. Hãy bày tỏ cảm xúc một cách tự nhiên và chân thành nhất trong các tang lễ, đó là lời khuyên của các chuyên gia tâm lý.


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